Essay Writing Forms and Styles - 1402 Words

------------------------------------------------- Forms and styles This section describes the different forms and styles of essay writing. These forms and styles are used by a range of authors, including university students and professional essayists. [edit]Cause and effect The defining features of a cause and effect essay are causal chains that connect from a cause to an effect, careful language, and chronological or emphatic order. A writer using this rhetorical method must consider the subject, determine the purpose, consider the audience, think critically about different causes or consequences, consider a thesis statement, arrange the parts, consider the language, and decide on a conclusion.[6] [edit]Classification and division†¦show more content†¦Magazine and newspaper essays use many of the essay types described in the section on forms and styles (e.g., descriptive essays, narrative essays, etc.). Some newspapers also print essays in the op-ed section. An 1895 cover of Harpers, a US magazine that prints a number of essays per issue. ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Employment Employment essays detailing experience in a certain occupational field are required when applying for some jobs, especially government jobs in the United States. Essays known as Knowledge Skills and Executive Core Qualifications are required when applying to certain US federal government positions. A KSA, or Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities, is a series of narrative statements that are required when applying to Federal government job openings in the United States. KSAs are used along with resumes to determine who the best applicants are when several candidates qualify for a job. The knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for the successful performance of a position are contained on each job vacancy announcement. KSAs are brief and focused essays about ones career and educational background that presumably qualify one to perform theShow MoreRelatedWhy I Am A English?947 Words   |  4 Pagesfuture writing projects. Among many things, the three lessons that I got the most use out of are the following; how to correctly structure an essay, different methods of writing, and the personal growth that I’ve had since taking this class. With English being my second language, it is difficult for me to express myself in writing form. It is extremely frustrating to have countless ideas and opinions that I would like to share with an audience, but because I am not comfortable with writing, I stayRead MoreOscar Wildes Criticalism : Literary Criticism1526 Words   |  7 PagesWhat does it mean to be a critic? 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Format and content was more important than expressing my opinion, and I became used to inserting facts and tying them together; I didn’t realize that this was my writing style until my history teacher a nnounced it toRead MoreComparative Essay1073 Words   |  5 PagesGRADE 12 UNIVERSITY ENGLISH Unit 2: Comparative Essay Writing Summative Task Task: Select a particular idea or theme and/or an aspect of form and style and analyse the way it or they is/are depicted in Archibald Lampman’s poem, â€Å"In November† and one other poem. You may use: William Wordsworth’s â€Å"The World is too much With Us†, Robert Frost’s â€Å"Dust of Snow† E.J Pratt’s A November Landscape Mary Soutar-Hynes – â€Å"For Writers Whose Work I Have Loved† In completing

Issues in Researching and Developing Media Projects Free Essays

string(137) " prejudice and it seems as though a broader perspective of society ought to be portrayed in order to give a true reflection of ideology\." Introduction One of the main problems associated with mass communication is the social, cultural and psychological effects of media content and use (Perse, 2001, p. 1). It is therefore important to fully understand the effects in which the media has upon popular culture in order to advance positive effects and mitigate negative ones. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues in Researching and Developing Media Projects or any similar topic only for you Order Now Accordingly, it was evidenced by Young (1999, p. 82) that modern society engulfs its members by consuming and culturally assimilating masses of people via the media, education and through participation within the marketplace. Mass media products thus articulate ways in which they believe the world should be by adopting various ideological approaches. However, as pointed out by (Croteau and Hoynes, 2003, p. 192); â€Å"there is no singular ideology that is promoted by the media.† Instead different perceptions continue to be expressed, although critical accounts of mainstream ideologies do not appear to dominate society as well as those that tend to represent the social world. Nevertheless, â€Å"when people watch international news, they pay as much attention to street scenes, housing and clothing as to the commentary which accompanies the pictures from foreign lands† (Thompson, 1995; p. 176). In effect, society is subjected to social inclusion as a result of the portra yals of the media, which will be exemplified by analysing three different texts from media/popular culture and considering how these relate to broader issues of ideology. Main Body The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception (Horkeimer, M and Adorno, T. W. 1944, p. 41). Horkeimer and Adorno’s text provided an excellent illustration of how society is influenced by the ideological perceptions portrayed by the media. Accordingly, it was made clear that popular culture today is widely the result of the production of standardised cultural goods such as; television programmes, radio programmes, magazines and films. These goods were thus considered to have been used in a way that manipulates societal values and beliefs. Consequently, it was believed by Horkeimer and Adorno that all mass culture is identical and that cultural goods are simply used in order to create ideologies â€Å"to legitimize the trash they intentionally produce† (Horkeimer and Adorno, 1944, p. 42). These so-called industries are therefore only created in order to generate income and do not have regard to the needs of society. Not all agree with this view, however, and instead it has been argued by Fiske (p. 19) that popular culture does represent the needs of society: â⠂¬Å"Popular culture is not consumption; it is culture – the active process of gathering and circulating meanings and pleasures within a social system.† Accordingly, it was believed by Fiske that culture could never be described in terms of buying and selling commodities regardless of how industrialised culture became since culture is active process that is established from within. Essentially, whilst Horkeimer and Adorno believe that culture can be created from commodities, Fiske clearly disagrees and instead argues that popular culture is developed and advanced by the people within a society and that it is not created by the culture industry. The writings of Horkeimer and Adorno do relate to broader ideological issues nonetheless, which is evident from the fact that the media and cultural productions are capable of changing individual perceptions of race. Thus, whilst race was a major problem for many years, the ways in which the media portrayed race began to change which ultimately altered individual attitudes. This is widely due to the fact that â€Å"ideology is a key factor in the maintenance of oppression, but even more important is its successful dissemination† (Spears, 1999, p. 34). Because ideology consists of a set of ideas that are considered the ‘norm’ individuals tend to follow these and if mass communication portrays an ideology in a certain way, it is likely that the majority of society will alter their beliefs in accordance with this. An example of this can be seen in relation to rap music which has been exploited by the media for a number of years. Thus, whilst this particular type of m usic may not have been welcomed in previous years, it has become apparent that this is now a normal part of society and mainstream music videos thereby rely upon video imagery that â€Å"reinforces the increasing use of an urban sensibility in music, television and films that exploits a mediated understanding of black, urban aesthetics† (Fitts, 2008, p. 211). Arguably, whilst racial stereotypes are still prevalent through mass communications, it is palpable that the media can influence and change societies way of thinking. Media Ownership: Concentration and Conglomeration (Deveraux, E. 2007, p. 87). Deveraux discusses the ownership and control of the mainstream media in her text in order to determine the social, cultural and political implications the increased awareness of this has. Consequently, it is evidenced by Deveraux that those who control and own the media do play a large part in popular culture today since they create various ideologies that subsequently influence the ways in which we think. Despite this, it has been pointed out by Deveraux that â€Å"significant information inequalities persist in the age of media globalization† and that â€Å"all human societies continue to be divided into ‘media haves’ and ‘media have nots’† (Deveraux, 2007, p. 87). In effect, this seems to suggest that increased media does not necessarily mean that individuals have greater choices since the media ultimately control the perceptions that are to be portrayed. Consequently, there is a lack of diverse information that is provided by the media whic h fails to reflect the needs of society as a whole. This is supported by the views of Croteau and Hoynes (2003, p. 195) when it was made clear that; â€Å"the creators of media content have often reproduced the inequalities that exist in society based on race, class, gender and sexual orientation.† In addition, rather than merely reporting the existing inequalities of society, the media tends to alter media content to reflect the views of themselves which tends to be white, middle and upper class men. This leads to a great deal of media prejudice and it seems as though a broader perspective of society ought to be portrayed in order to give a true reflection of ideology. You read "Issues in Researching and Developing Media Projects" in category "Essay examples" Arguably, Deveraux attempts to highlight the problems associated with media content and illustrates that there are broader ideological issues that tend to exist. This is because, the views of those from a certain race, class and sexuality are not being conveyed, which leads to a great deal of societal inequality. Unless the perspectives of the media are broadened, it is likely that social inequalities will continue to exist. In addition, even though the internet is more widespread in this new digital age, those of the minority are still not having their voices heard despite the different ways in which opinions can be conveyed online. This was recognised by Whibey (2012, p. 1) when it was pointed out that: â€Å"Studies have shown that online participation varies with income.† Hence, it was stressed that individuals of a higher income were more likely to blog. Whilst this may be due to a lack of internet connectivity it is evident that the ideologies of the minority are not being represented. In addition, even where the minority do blog, it is unlikely that their views will reach the mainstream, which again signifies how the media is being controlled by a certain type of person. Antonio Gramsci and Hegemony (Long, P. and Wall, T. 2009, p. 285). Long and Wall believe that ideology is no longer considered relevant in today’s society. Accordingly, they believe that despite media perceptions as to how individuals ought to live their life, the constant changes no longer make this possible. Therefore, the ideological theory no longer represents society as it once did: ideology is not static and is subject to change – how we live and what we believe is different from the society of Marx’s day† (Long and Wall, 2009, p. 287). In accordance with this, it is therefore believed by Long and Wall that the media can no longer influence societal values and beliefs in the way that they could. This is very important in order to eradicate gender, class and racial biases which the media appear to have created, yet whether this means that the media no longer have an influence on society is doubtful. This is because, mass communication products will continue to influence the ways in which we think about things whether consciously or subconsciously and as asserted by Kenix (2010, p. 1); â€Å"Media both perpetuate identities to the public and are receptors of an ideology created and sustained within society.† It was also added that; â€Å"Media do not only send ideological messages out to the public but media systems are also interwoven into the ideological framework of society. Media also have their greatest influence on individuals over time.† Consequently, provided that the media continue to expose certain ideologies, it will eventually become embedded into all societies regardless as to whether it was disapproved of or not. This is because, regardless as to whether the media are a desirable influencer, it is clear that they shape individuals values and beliefs within modern society. Whilst attitudes may have changed over the years, the media is still the most powerful product which ultimately controls ideology through the perceptions in which it creates. This leads to much inequality, though â€Å"there is a widespread recasting of the ideal role of the state† (Garland and Sparks, 2000; p. 186). In order to prevent the media from influencing society in a way that leads to inequality, it is vital that public bodies â€Å"have a crucial role in helping people fulfill their potential and removing the barriers that hold people back† (White Paper, 2009) in effect, social inequalities must therefore be eradicated in order to tackle such media inequality. Thus, whilst Long and Wall make it clear that the media does significantly influence popular culture, they are still of the belief that ideolog ies are no longer relevant in today’s society. If these contentions are accurate, it would seem as though the underlying issues surrounding race, gender and sexuality are simply the result of individual perceptions. Consequently, it is evident that the relationship between the mass media and popular culture is still pertinent in today’s society, though the media do not have the same influence over individual values as they may have had in the past. Although this is considered important in preventing inequality, it seems as though the mass media should have a broader perspective on life as prejudice is still being conveyed. Conclusion Overall, it is manifest that there are significant social, cultural and psychological effects of media content and use. This is widely due to the fact that modern society is largely influenced by the ideologies that are created by mass communication. In addition, whilst different ideologies continue to be promoted, only certain values reach mainstream society. This leads to a great deal of inequality and illustrates how the media are capable of dominating the social world by conveying their own views and opinions. In Horkeimer and Adorno’s text, it became apparent that popular culture is swayed by the production of standardised cultural goods and that societal values and beliefs are thereby manipulated as a result of this. It was also made clear that cultural industries are only created in order to generate income for those that are most likely to profit and that the true needs of society are not being provided for. Whilst many will disagree with these points, it is palpable t hat the media can influence and change the ways in which society thinks. This is also due to the fact that the owners and controllers of the media are usually white middle and upper class men who communicate their own beliefs and values into everyday settings. Hence, media content does not hold a broad perspective, which ultimately leads to inequality as only certain issues are being dealt with. Because of the constant changes in society, however, it is believed by Long and Wall that ideologies are no longer relevant, yet given that the relationship between the mass media and popular culture is still very much existent it is likely that ideologies will still influence society. References Croteau, D. and Hoynes, W. (2003) Media/Society: Industries, Images and Audiences, Pine Forge Press. Deveraux, E. (2007) Understanding the Media, Sage Publications, 2nd Edition. Fiske, J. (2010) Understanding Popular Culture, Taylor Francis, 2nd Edition. Fitts, M. (2008) Drop it Like its Hot: Culture Industry Labourers and Their Perspectives on Rap Music Video Production, Meidans: Feminism, Race, Transitionalism, vol. 8, no. 1. Garland, D., and Sparks, R., (2000). Criminology and Social Theory. OUP Oxford. Horkeimer, M and Adorno, T. W. (1944) Dialetic of Enlightenment, Vesro Books. Kenix, L. J. (2010) Alternative and Mainstream Media: The Converging Spectrum, [Online] Available: http://www.bloomsburyacademic.com/view/AlternativeMainstreamMedia_9781849665421/chapter-ba-9781849665421-chapter-008.xml?print [07 January 2013]. Long, P., and Wall, T., (2009) Media Studies: Texts, Production and Context, Longman, 1st Edition. Perse, E. M. (2001) Media Effects and Society, Psychology Press. Spears, A. K. (1999) Race and Ideology: Language, Symbolism and Popular Culture, Wayne State University Press. Thompson, J., (1995). The Media and Modernity. Cambridge: Polity. Whibey, J. (2012) The Trend of Class, Race and Ethnicity in Social Media Inequality, Journalists Resource, [Online] Available: http://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/gender-race/the-trend-of-class-race-and-ethnicity-in-social-media-inequality [07 January 2013]. White Paper., (2009). New Opportunities: Fair Chances for the Future: The Guardian, Socialism in one ClauseThe Government’s proposal to tackle inequality, [Online] Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/blog/2009/jan/13/equality-socialexclusion [07 January 2013]. Young, J., (1999). The Exclusive Society: Social Exclusion, Crime and Difference in Late Modernity. Sage Publications Ltd. How to cite Issues in Researching and Developing Media Projects, Essay examples

Modernizes IT and Increases Business Value

Question: Discuss about the Modernizes IT and Increases Business Value. Answer: Introduction Delta Lloyd is a Belgium based financial organization operating since 1807 and currently has 700 people working only in its IT department worldwide. Everything the company delivers to customer has a mobile or desktop application allowing customers to reach out or use services through these applications. Employees of the company are supported by phones and tablets that they can use to access company business applications in a secure manner. Moreover, the company also use disruptive technologies like Big Data and SAS to understand their customers better. The large infrastructure of the company already poses management challenges over which use of disruptive technologies like Cloud, IOT, and Big data further add security challenges and other complexities in the IT system. Also, there are multiple IT methodologies that have to be managed properly. A framework was needed for managing internal an external systems as well as the combination of any type of IT and development frameworks. Delta could either develop a propriety framework of its own or adapt to a suitable framework that already existed. The company decided to take the later path and adoption IT4IT framework. The case study makes an objective assessment of the IT infrastructure of the company that was prior to adoption, explores the reasons behind Delta choosing the open source framework and discusses the outcomes of the their move. The case study also explores possibility of adopting it if ITIL framework is already in place(Enterprise Opinions Limite, 2016). Gaps in IT service management IT infrastructure of the company is large and complicated. It has around 4 million customers. Its IT system consists of 1200 servers, 4500 desktops and laptops, and 3500 VWPs. It has over 600 business applications running over this infrastructure including those from vendors like VMWare, Microsoft, IBM, Oracle, HP, and Cisco. A number of challenges were there in the company and the IT service management largely differed from the user expectations. The financial organizations required a huge number of functions to be managed for which a large number of applications were developed and provided by different supplier organizations including CRM, ERP, Big Data and so on. Also, a variety of technologies were used within the company such as SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, end-user computing, BYOD devices, telecom devices, and so on. The company was in the process of adoption of newer technologies like Big Data and cloud and at the same time needed to fulfil compliance and security requirement demanded in the financial sector. Delta Lloyd had three IT systems stacks including SAAS or Application, PAAS with Websphere, and IAAS including hosting storage. Application stack included management of data, interface, access, and application configuration while Websphere also involved Applications management. Hosting storage was prov ided for the entire stack of VM, Middleware, Application, configuration, data, interface, and access. The company needed a new form of infrastructure that could take care of all the IT stacks, add new skills to the system that assist IT in ensuring that systems were stable and secure as well as support faster development of technologies allowing company to innovate to add a competitive advantage. Not just the infrastructure but company was also looking for a framework that helped in management of the complete IT life cycle.(HP Enterprise, 2017). Adoption of IT4IT The company needed an integrated system of IT management for complete IT life cycle management using APIs instead of developing own framework(The Open Group, 2016). With the adoption of the integrated framework for IT management, a seamless flow could be achieved throughout the IT life cycle helping the company create a desired balance between these tradeoffs(The Open Group, 2015). While managing IT infrastructure of a company, if an integrated system can be implemented, it would help the organization save on IT costs of up to 20%. The saved money can then be used for enhancing systems or introducing innovation. Besides cost saving, the company had some specific objectives to be achieved such as quality enhancement, increase in development speed, risk reduction, and improved monitoring and exception handling(The Open Group, 2016). Delta had two options to get the integrated framework. One, it could develop a propriety framework. Second, it could adapt to an open source framework which the company did and added IT4IT framework to its IT management canvas. With current IT management practices, it was becoming difficult to manage things while disruptive technologies connected core infrastructure of the company to the networked world. If the company had to develop a completely new framework then it would require all components and technologies to be put together which could have been a costly affair to develop. Thus, the company agreed to adapt to the open source IT4IT framework because saw IT as a business system and thus, would help organization operate IT with focus on deliveries of services rather than only management of systems.(Allen, 2016). Thus, the company moved to adoption of IT4IT which provided an integrated view of IT systems and improved resource scalability (GARDNER, 2016). Results of adopting IT4IT A prescriptive guidance is available with IT4IT for management of IT projects, processes and methodologies like agile or other structure project management frameworks. The data of different stages of the project life cycle is combined in a cohesive data model with IT4IT framework implemented(Graham, 2016). The core idea behind IT4IT is to make an IT system run like a business such that it is not just implemented but also used for gaining the productive or commercial benefit for the organization. The framework allows monitoring of various actions, their analyses to come up with metrics and developing of capacities of processes, tools and people for making continuous improvements in the system(HP, 2016). The value chain of IT4IT can help understand how each component of the IT lifecycle is taken care of including planning, building, delivery and running. The governance and risk control mechanisms are used so as to ensure that risks and costs are reduce (NS Tech, 2016). In this framework, the suppliers or project teams can be monitored to find out if they are recording incidences or not and if they are not they may be punished while those creating them could be rewarded positively. The metrics generated would help analyse system performance such that appropriate actions can be taken (Saran, 2015). IT4IT framework can generate value at every stage of the IT life cycle beginning from strategy to portfolio, requirement, deployment, request, fulfilment, detection and punishment. Value Stream Components of IT4IT Values Strategy to Portfolio The portfolio of project, system architecture and services would be present at a single place Quality of the data would be enhanced With roadmaps and KPIs, business communication can be improved Requirement to deployment Framework would provide support for the creation, modification, and sourcing of application development methodologies Visibility into quality of service, cost of development and maintenance, scheduling and utility management Availability of multiple control points Request to fulfilment creation of one catalogue that takes care of multiple suppliers TCO ad subscriptions management Fulfilments Measurement Detection to correction Shared configuration model gives visibility throughout IT life cycle Issues Identification Repair time reduction. Adoption of IT4IT - Justification ITIL is process driven and IT4IT is data driven, automation focused and process agnostic thus, both can actually be complimenting each other instead of competition for as understood by some of the IT professionals. IT4IT is a cohesive framework that can build a foundation beneath the set of best practices as defined in the ITIL framework. The combination of two frameworks can actually be very useful for IT management. A much clear picture of IT resources and infrastructure can be seen through the use of IT4IT considering every phase of the IT life cycle(TOGAF, 2016). Conclusions This report was prepared on the case of Delta Lloyd that recently adopted an open source IT4IT framework for managing its IT infrastructure that was facing several issues due to complexities involved. It was found that the company chose the open source IT4IT framework for specific reasons. The company had a large stack of IT systems and applications there were to be made lighter, Agile, and communicating to each other seamlessly. The objective was to adopt an integrated framework for IT management which provided performance and scalability benefits and thus, IT4IT was chosen for implementation. Further, it explored the values and outcome of adoption of IT4IT. With IT4IT framework, organization can track and analyse data so as to come up with interpretations that can help make improvements in the IT management practice. Lastly,, it was found that ITIL and IT4IT frameworks supported each other. References Allen, A., 2016. IT4IT modernizes IT and increases business value, s.l.: Techtarget. Enterprise Opinions Limite, 2016. IT4IT The Basics. [Online] Available at: https://www.theitsmreview.com/2016/04/it4it-the-basics/ [Accessed 31 March 2017]. GARDNER, D., 2016. The Open Group IT4IT Architecture Offers a New Direction | @CloudExpo #Cloud. [Online] Available at: https://opensource.sys-con.com/node/3775829 [Accessed 31 March 2017]. Graham, D., 2016. Designing the Business of IT. [Online] Available at: https://enterprisearchitects.com/designing-the-business-of-it-with-it4it/ [Accessed 31 March 2017]. HP Enterprise, 2017. IT4IT Value Chain. [Online] Available at: https://saas.hpe.com/en-us/software/it4it-value-chain [Accessed 31 March 2017]. HP, 2016. IT4IT: the new enterprise architecture framework , s.l.: Hewlett Packard Enterprise. NS Tech, 2016. IT4IT is a push for sexy new IT architecture standards and its got a powerful advocate in HPE. [Online] Available at: https://tech.newstatesman.com/enterprise-it/it4it [Accessed 31 Mach 2017]. Saran, C., 2015. CIOs collaborate on managing the business of IT, s.l.: TechTarget. The Open Group, 2015. The Open Group IT4IT Forum Launches First Standard. [Online] Available at: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-open-group-it4it-forum-launches-first-standard-534517031.html [Accessed 31 March 2017]. The Open Group, 2016. IT4IT FAQ, s.l.: The Open Group. The Open Group, 2016. Shell and The Open Group IT4IT Reference Architecture, Version 2.0: The Adoption of the IT4IT Standard at Shell, s.l.: The Open Group. TOGAF, 2016. IT4IT Relationships with ITIL and Other Practices and Standards, s.l.: TOGAF Foundation.