Role of Information Technology in Business

Role of Information Technology in Business Question 1: What is a system?  A set of detailed methods, procedures, and procedures were created to carry out a specific activity, to perform a duty, or to solve a problem. An organized, purposeful structure consisting of interconnected and interdependent elements (components, entities, factors, members, parts, etc.). These elements are constantly interacting with each other to maintain their activity and the existence of the system, in order to achieve the goal of the system. What is Systems Theory: System theory and system science is multidisciplinary research system in general, and found the target mode, and illustrate that it is possible from various fields of research can be discerned, and in all the nesting level is applicable to all types of systems are in principle. It can be considered as a specialized system of thinking or for the goal of system science and system engineering. The focus is on general purpose in a wide range of systems (specific models with individual areas) that are useful. Who developed Systems Theoryà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Theoretical biologist L.V. Bertalanffy (L.Von.Bertalanffy) was founded. He put forward the theory of open system in 1932, and put forward the idea of system theory. In 1937, the principle of general system theory was put forward, which laid the theoretical foundation of this science. Question 2 Identify FOUR different types of Information Systems used in business organization: Transaction Processing Systems: Transaction processing systems meet the data collection, storage, processing and outputting functionalities for the core operations of a business. Customer Relationship Management Systems: Business owners use customer relationship systems to synchronize sales and marketing efforts. CRM systems accumulate and track customer activities, including purchasing trends, product defects and customer inquiries. Business Intelligence Systems: Business intelligence systems can be complex as they identify, extract and analyze data for various operational needs, particularly for decision-making purposes. BIS information systems may provide analyses that predict future sales patterns, summarize current costs and forecast sales revenues. Knowledge Management Systems: Knowledge management systems organize and dissect knowledge and then redistribute or share it with individuals of an organization. The purpose of these information systems is to bring innovation, improve performance, bring integration and retain knowledge within the organization. Question 3 Choose any three type of information Systems identified earlier and describe them: Describe the concept of each system and also draw a symbolic representation wherever possible Transaction Processing Systems: Transaction Processing Systems also known as sales information system, provide to the personnel system, is on business processes for the support of information system can provide a powerful tool support for a job to complete. For example, ERP system, we can be seen as a typical business processing system, it can be related to the production, procurement and other business links, based on some functional modules to provide a good support. Customer Relationship Management Systems : relationship management (CRM) is an approach to managing a companys interaction with current and potential future customers. The CRM approach tries to analyse data about customers history with a company, to improve business relationships with customers, specifically focusing on customer retention, and ultimately to drive sales growth. MIS are built on the data provided by Transaction Processing system.   Ã‚   It generally manages the internal files and summarizing. The level of management in MIS is mid level; those are responsible for the processing of further processes to the higher management. Business Intelligence Systems: Business intelligence (BI) can be described as a set of techniques and tools for the acquisition and transformation of raw data into meaningful and useful information for business analysis purposes.The term data surfacing is also more often associated with BI functionality. The integration of documents, records, collection of knowledge and its retrieval are included in this system. Knowledge Management Systems: Knowledge management (KM) is the process of capturing, developing, sharing, and effectively using organizational knowledge. It refers to a multi-disciplinary approach to achieving organizational objectives by making the best use of knowledge. This usually provided by the front staff or accounting management team, which provide the key data required to support the operation. Task 2 Question 1 : Identify and explain the purpose and function s of any one computer application most commonly used in any type of business organisation. Microsoft office products: It can do all the accounting steps for the purpose of Excel. It can perform all the accounting calculations is the function of excel. Question 2: Identify and explain the purpose and functions of any one computer application used in any common functional area within a sub-system of a business organisation. Office Microsoft is a set of office software package based on Windows operating system developed by Microsoft Corp. Commonly used components are Word, Excel, Access, Power point, FrontPage, etc. Office Word Microsoft is a text file Office Access Microsoft is done in the database Office Excel Microsoft is done with tables and data processing Office Outlook Microsoft is to send and receive mail Office PowerPoint Microsoft is making a slide. I think the Microsoft office make us easy to manage something important. And It is very user-friendly, can record some useful data whenever and wherever possible. Question 3 : Identify and explain the purpose and functions of any two computer applications uniquely used for different types of businesses. Answer: Kakaotalk: Kakao Talk is a Chinese from South Korea by the second largest shareholder of the Tencent (It is a Chinese company) as a free chat software, similar to WeChats QQ chat software, applications for iPhone, Android, WP, blackberry and other smart mobile phone communication. The application to the actual phone number to manage friends, with the push notification service, to quickly send and receive information among friends and colleagues as well as pictures, voice intercom. Similar to the domestic QQ, even if friends are not online, friends can also receive your talk kakao messages, just like texting. Skype:Skype is an instant messaging software, which has the function of IM, such as video chat, multiplayer voice conferencing, multiplayer chat, transfer files, text chat and other functions. It can be free of high clear voice dialogue with other users, you can also call the domestic international telephone, either a fixed telephone or mobile phone can be directly dialed, and can achieve call transfer, SMS and other functions. Difference: Now Skype network phone is very mature, good quality and good, the charge is reasonable, let a person without charges of worry , and it is very easy to use. Kakaotalk is good but some old people cannot use it very well. Question 4: Explain the effects of information technology on business systems in terms of benefits and costs. (a) The following two one off benefits of adopting information technology: The delivery of products and services will be timely and effective. Peoples mistakes will be reduced, and the cost will be reduced. (b) The following two ongoing benefits of adopting information technology: This technique can be repeated using more than one purpose, so there will be a large number of uses. Make this technology can save money in the stock holding area. (c) The following two ongoing costs of adopting Information Technology: Upgrade operating system time cost. The company and the service cost paid to the user. (d) The following two one off costs of adopting information technology: Information systems play an important role in a company or an organization. The cost of each character is different. As an information system of a company, in order to promote their company or provide some online platform for their customers, so it costs more money.There are also some software required to pay. Task 3 Answer A DATA: Data is a collection of specific contextual information, as well as in a business organization, for the maintenance of a specific object data, and information workers. .There are THREE types of data. These are as follows: Primary Data: it is first-hand information which we collect by ourselves. Secondary Data: This data is second hand or it is collected from third party Quantitative and qualitative data: Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis should be unified, complement each other, qualitative analysis is the basic premise of quantitative analysis and qualitative not quantitative is a blind, no value for quantitative; quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis more scientific and accurate, it can make qualitative analysis of the extensive and in-depth conclusions. Answer B Information: Information can be defined as an organized form of the original data set, in the organization of information plays a very important role in the decision. Example of three different type of information: Inspections: It can be defined as a collection of raw data for a particular thing, to prove things to a decision-making layer. Research: A collection of data in a particular field or discipline. Survey: It is the simplest way to gather information. Question 2: The three sources where information can be gathered:- 1 social survey Social survey is an important means to obtain real and reliable information. Social survey refers to the use of observation, inquiry and other methods directly from the community to understand the situation, the activities of the collection of data and data. 2 build intelligence network Management activities require accurate information, comprehensive, timely. In order to achieve such a request by a single channel to collect information is far from enough. Especially administration and government decision-making. Therefore, it is necessary to collect information in various way, that is to establish the information network of information collection. 3 development of strategic intelligence Strategic intelligence is designed for high-level decision-makers, only for high-level decision-makers to use more strategic information than general administrative information. Question 3: Threats to DATA: (1)Security of Data There are three threats that make our information be not safe: Malware: Its like a malicious software that is designed to get access to a computer without the owners consent. Malicious software is not the same as defective software, but it has a legitimate purpose, but contain harmful errors Hackers: If the system is not well protected, then the hacker can easily access the file without the owners permission. Even if they can copy or delete files. Such a person is called a hacker. In a business environment, because there is a huge network, so hackers can easily break down the system Virus: It may be considered a software designed to disrupt or stop the systems work. It can be through a system to another, it can also enter the system through email, Internet, flash drive and other accessories (2)Integrity of data The three threats to integrity of data are mentioned below : Software Attacks Human Errors Natural Disasters A) software attack is the most common threat today, resulting in the change of data or information is disclosed. B) error in the input data Natural disasters are also responsible for it. For example: earthquakes, floods, fires, volcanoes, tsunamis, etc. Question 4: Answer A HR Admin: A human resource management role is the combination of management and human resource It is also known as human resources and personnel It will be to the organization from the organization department to the Department and our own background and talents Finance: Under the conditions of certainty and uncertainty, with the passage of time, the distribution of assets and liabilities is a field. Sales: A sales is the exchange of a commodity for money or service in return for money or the action of selling something. Answer B There are three types of data related with above three sub-systems: Finance related data: There are number of finance data that specialized in sending and collecting the data to traders and investors. Sales data: All the data used in sales is known as the sales data Like the Web server log, Internet streaming data.Usually at the time of sale, these data are referred to as big data HR ARD The administrator stores data in a place known as the database administrator. Task 4 Quention1 Answer A Principle of Perception Principle of Reputation Principle of leadership [B] Objectives of Principle There is a verb in Chinese: A great company needs a great leader. But to be a great leader is to learn from the past, look into the future, and look to the future. The companys reputation is one of its most valuable assets and needs to be protected. A company that manages their market perception has achieved great success. Question 2 A: Three planning and control system used in business. 1. Multi-mode manufacturing applications: It includes planning, production scheduling 2. Supply Chain Management applications: It includes sale performance, purchasing, promotion, inventory management and forecast 3. Configurable enterprise financials: It also includes accounts receivable and payable. Answer B The financial allocation of enterprise plays a very important role in the enterprise, which includes all the data and records.It retains all accounts receivable, accounts payable and account payable record The relationship between strategic planning for multi-mode and product manufacturing application Therefore, in every business, management strategy and plan is a multi-part of manufacturing mode

Is There One Best Way to Structure an Organization? Essay

Organization is always an efficient way to achieve the goals since ancient time, high productivity with lowest input which is an important characteristic of it. Well-organized is a common ambition for every administrator. Therefore it is a primary task for managers to find out a most suitable structure for the company which can maximize the organization performance. Currently, many researchers are seeking for the relationships between an organizational structure and performance in order to adopt a best structure. However, base on contingency theory, a large number of researches proves that the optimal organizational structure depends on the strategy and among other factors (Pertusa-Ortega et al, 2010). The purpose of this essay is to explain that organizational structures are variable, which can be influenced by the scale, strategy and the operation technology of the business. Firstly, the size of a business is an important factor which could determine how an organization is structured; there are many different ways to manage a company according to the disparate capacity, number of personnel, and output of the business. Base on the studies from the Aston and National, both of them support this argument by finding there is a strong relationship between the size of the company and its structure variables (Cited in John Child, 1973). Thus, different structures are needed to administrate companies with different size. According to John Child (1973), specialization, documentation, standardized behavior, hierarchy, and a decentralization of decision making, are the core characteristics of the large companies, which could support the companies to make a decision accurately and efficiently as the power of decision-making are dispersive, the employers in big companies such as Telstra, Woolworth, could not supervise every employees simultaneously and could not make every decision for the company either. Therefore, tall structure is accepted widely in large businesses as everyone could be supervised. However, small business like local cafeteria and franchisee of McDonald, are more likely to use a flat structure to achieve well-organized, the employers could make every decision for the business as the centralization of making decisions and could supervise every workers as well due to a small number of employees. However, the correlation between two companies with disparate size are not linear, when the business has grown and achieved a certain size, the influence from size to structure is gradually reduced as large businesses are already mechanistic enough. Thus, size has a noticeable influence on the organizational structure; managers should determine an optimal framework which most fit the company to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the outcomes. Furthermore, strategy of the company is an essential factor for choosing an appropriate way to structure an organization. Strategic management which relates the future performance of a company, mangers should imply an appropriate strategy to gain the competitive advantages, to help themselves to compete against other competitors and to increase their market share. Different companies need different strategies to survive themselves to be profitable businesses. Chandler and other researchers state that the alteration of a strategy will leads to a change in organizational structure so that the development of strategy could be sufficient and a better profitability reached (Cited in Pertusa-Ortega et al, 2010). For example, for a manufacture, its strategy is to improve productivity with lower resource, therefore the structure of mechanistic is most suitable, which is high specialization, low cost and more efficiency, products can be produced with minimum time when this structure is implie. In contract, Pertusa-Ortega and other researchers claim that an organic structure is an optimal choice for firms which facing the dynamic context, thus, it needs to constantly change the productions and this flexible structure could make it easier to improve the products (2010), such as Google. The Cubic Contingency Model which consists of three strategies: local responsiveness, global integration and foreign product diversification and across other nine structures, 27 strategy-structure fits are turned out. This model is a comprehensive tool to provide useful information to managers to imply the best fitting structure base on their strategic choice (Qiu & Donaldson, 2010). Approximately 85% of these strategy-structure fits are supported by a German Multinational Corporations study, which could prove that strategy is an element to push structure to change to improve the performance. Additionally, economic environment has a strong relationship to the variables of organizational structure. The research to measure the relation between the perceived environmental uncertainty and the various organizational structures by Gordon and Narayanan (1984), they claims that the fluctuation of the economic environment has a dramatically correlation between how an organization be structured. When there is a high uncertain of environment, managers should imply a structure which could minimize the threatens of the uncertainty, and also should be flexible and adoptive enough to allow the products to change as required by the market, organic structure which is a most fitting framework for business to face the unstable environment as it could rapidly respond to the market uncertainty, it could reduce or increase the quantity of the products in a short time. On the other hand, when facing a lower environment uncertainty, mechanistic form is more tend to be effective and efficient, because the requirements of changing the products are less, this structure could help to improve the productivity. Stinchcombe suggests that environmental conditions are not only determine the particular goods or service that company should produced, moreover, it also determine the features of organization should be created to follow the market requirements (cited in Miles et al, 1974). Organizational structure should change in accordance with the various environments, so that the companies can produce the quantity and quality of the goods or services that the market required. In conclusion, this essay explains that organizational structure is contingent and it is very sensitive that could be affected by size, environment, and strategy. Forms of organization should be altered to improve performance and meet the requirements of external. Managers should choose an appreciate way to administrate the company by considering these elements. However, it is a challenge for decision makers to design an organization; managers should make sure that the new structure is sustainable and the employees are well-connected with each other. Child, J. (1973). Administrative Science Quarterly. Predicting and understanding of organization structure. Vol.18(2): 168-185. Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., Molian-Azorin, J.F,;Claver-Cortes,E.(2010). Competitive strategy, structure and firm performance. A comparison of the resource –based view and the contingency approach. Management Decision. Vol.48(7-8):1282-1303. Qiu,J. & Donaldson, L. (2010). â€Å"The Cubic Contingency Model: Towards a more comprehensive international strategy-structure model.† Journal of General Management, 36(1): 81-100. Miles, R.E., Sown, C.C. and Pfeffer, F. (1974), Organizational –Environment: Concepts and issues. Industrial relations, Vol.13(3):244-264. Gordon, L.A. and Narayanan, V.K. (1984), management accounting systems, perceived environmental uncertainty and organizational structure: an empirical investigation, Accounting, Organizational and Society. Vol.9, No.1, pp33-47.

The Issue Of Australian Bill Of Rights - 1531 Words

Good afternoon, my name is Stephanie Jones and I am a currently a human rights lawyer. Human rights are the basic freedoms and protections that everyone is entitled to purely for simply just being a human being. Today I would like to use this opportunity to discuss with you the greatly debated issue of an Australian Bill of Rights. Australia currently does not have a Bill of Rights, but is the current legal system coping without one? The answer to that question in my opinion is no. Australia currently is not adequately protecting individual human rights without having a Bill of Rights. While many people would argue that yes, Australia protects individual rights well enough as it is, just as many people passionately argue that Australia does indeed need a Bill of Rights for a variety of reasons which will be talked about in greater depth later on. In my talk with you today, I would like to discuss with you all what exactly a Bill of Rights is and what it aims to achieve, how a Bill o f Rights has worked in other countries and some of the more popular arguments for and against having one. A Bill of Rights is a document containing a formal list of individual rights and freedoms in a society which the society deems to be fundamentally important to all citizens. The purpose of a Bill of Rights is to provide protection of the rights which have been set out. Unlike most democratic countries, Australia does not have a Bill of rights to assist in the protection of fundamentalShow MoreRelatedThe Constitutional And Statutory Bills Of Rights1626 Words   |  7 Pagesformal bill of rights – a statutory one rather than a constitutional one. 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Sample Formal Graduation Announcement

Wording your graduation announcement can seem like a minor challenge, but its also a task that can take up a lot of your (very precious) time. Going with formal, traditional language is one way to ensure your announcement accurately represents the importance and value of all of your hard work. Before writing your formal graduation announcement, its important to review some basic rules of etiquette for any kind of graduation announcement, formal or otherwise. Rules for Graduation Announcements The first thing to decide before  writing your announcement  is whom to invite, or whether you intend to invite anyone.  Unlike high school graduation, not everyone is going to attend the commencement ceremony or expect a party.  It is not uncommon for college graduates to omit the date and location of the graduation  from the announcement.   This may seem odd, but in this case, the announcement is just that: an announcement of your achievement. If you do intend to invite guests to the graduation ceremony, youll need to include a few vital pieces of information: The salutation or greetingYour nameThe college or universityThe degree youve earnedThe commencement ceremony (or party) date and timeThe location of the ceremony or party In a formal graduation announcement, the salutation takes on a very specific, formal tone, usually mentioning the president of the college or university, the faculty, and the graduating class as the parties that are actually inviting guests to attend. These three parties are, in essence, hosting the event and extending a formal invitation to your guests on your behalf. Sample Graduation Announcement Once youve gathered the necessary information—always ensure that you know how the spell the college presidents name, for example—including the location, time, and date, you are ready to write your formal graduation announcement. The information below represents a sample formal announcement. You can replace the information in parentheses with the details that are specific to you. Additionally, center the text in your announcement. The President, Faculty, and Graduating Classof(XX College or University)Proudly Announce the Graduation of(Your full name, including your middle name)on(The day, the date—spelled out—and the month)(The Year, spelled out)with a(Your degree) in(The subject in which you are obtaining your degree)(The location)(The city and state)(The time) Note that in a formal graduation announcement, you would never say something like, I would like to invite.  Since you are a member of the graduating class, you are of course included in the groups that are hosting the event, but you should not single yourself out in extending the invitation. The Final Product It can be helpful to see what a formal graduation announcement would look like. Feel free to use the format and wording below. Simply replace the name of the college, graduate, degree, and other details with the correct information. The President, Faculty, and Graduating Class                                                  of                                    Hope College            Proudly Announce the Graduation of                        Oscar James Meyerson                 Sunday, the Nineteenth of May                    Two Thousand Eighteen                                          with a                  Bachelor of Arts Degree in                        Sports Management                  Holland Municipal Stadium                        Holland, Michigan                             2:00 oclock p.m. Centering the text and spelling out information that is usually abbreviated—such as the type of degree, date, and time—give the announcement an elegant, formal appeal. Use this format and youll be sure to impress your guests not just with your achievement, but also with the way you are inviting them to celebrate it with you.